Scandium yog "boron zoo li" lub caij kwv yees los ntawm Mendeleev. Lawv qhov kev tshawb pom ib zaug tau ua pov thawj qhov tseeb ntawm txoj cai raws sij hawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab Mendeleev txoj kev pom.
Scandium hlau yog tsim los ntawm electrolytic molten scandium chloride nyob rau hauv 1937.
Daim duab ntsig txog: Mendeleev (1834-1907) tau kwv yees qhov muaj nyob ntawm scandium. Scandium tau tshawb pom los ntawm LF Nelson (1840-1899) thiab PT Cleve (1840-1905).
Kev rho tawm thiab khaws cia: ntev ntev tom qab tshawb pom, kev siv scandium tsis tau pom vim tias nws nyuaj rau tsim. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm txoj kev sib cais ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, cov tebchaw siv rau kev ua kom huv ntawm scandium tam sim no muaj cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis heev.
Vim tias cov alkalinity ntawm scandium hydroxide yog qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj li ntawm yttrium thiab lanthanide cov ntsiab lus, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj scandium yuav raug precipitated ua ntej thaum nws raug xa mus rau hauv kev daws thiab kho nrog ammonia tom qab kev kho mob, yog li nws tuaj yeem yooj yim sib cais los ntawm cov khoom lag luam. tsawg lub ntiaj teb los ntawm kev siv "qib nag lossis daus" txoj kev. Lwm txoj kev yog cais scandium nitrate los ntawm kev siv "fractional decomposition" ntawm nitrate. Txij li thaum scandium nitrate yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws rau decompose, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib cais scandium tuaj yeem ua tiav. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev rov qab ua tiav ntawm kev txuam nrog scandium los ntawm uranium, thorium, tungsten, tin thiab lwm yam minerals kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm scandium.
Tom qab tau txais cov ntshiab scandium compound, hloov nws mus rau hauv ScCl3, co-melt nrog KCl thiab LiCl, siv cov zinc molten li cathode rau electrolysis, ces scandium yuav precipitate ntawm zinc electrode, thiab ces evaporate zinc kom tau scandium hlau. .
Scandium yog lub teeb silvery dawb hlau nrog cov tshuaj muaj zog heev. Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog dej kub los tsim hydrogen. Yog li cov hlau scandium uas koj pom hauv daim duab tau muab ntim rau hauv lub raj mis thiab tiv thaiv nrog argon, txwv tsis pub scandium sai sai yuav tsim cov xim daj lossis grey oxide txheej, poob nws cov ci ntsa iab xim hlau.
Isotope: Scandium (atomic mass unit: 44.955912 (6)) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau cov isotopes, nrog rau tag nrho ntawm 37 isotopes, uas tsuas yog ib qho isotope (47Sc) nyob ruaj khov.
Daim ntawv thov teb: teeb pom kev lag luam; Interestingly, kev siv ntawm scandium (raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb, tsis yog rau doping) yog concentrated nyob rau hauv ib tug heev ci kev taw qhia. Nws tsis yog ntau dhau los hu nws tus tub ntawm lub teeb.
Thawj riam phom khawv koob ntawm scandium yog hu ua scandium sodium teeb, uas tuaj yeem siv los coj teeb rau ntau txhiab tsev neeg. Qhov no yog hlau halide hluav taws xob qhov chaw: sau lub noob nrog sodium iodide thiab scandium iodide, thiab ntxiv scandium thiab sodium foil tib lub sijhawm. Thaum lub sij hawm high voltage tawm, scandium ion thiab sodium ion emit lub teeb ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv emission wavelength feem. Cov kab spectral ntawm sodium yog 589.0 thiab 589.6 nm, ob lub teeb daj nto moo, thaum lub spectral kab ntawm scandium yog 361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, ib tug series ntawm ze-ultraviolet thiab xiav lub teeb emission. Vim yog cov xim ntxiv, tag nrho cov xim ntawm lub teeb tsim yog lub teeb dawb. Nws yog qhov tseeb vim tias scandium sodium teeb muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab luminous, lub teeb xim zoo, lub zog txuag, lub neej ntev kev pab cuam thiab muaj zog pos huab tawg muaj peev xwm uas nws tuaj yeem siv dav rau TV lub koob yees duab thiab square, chaw ntau pob thiab txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo, thiab hu ua peb tiam lub teeb ci. Nyob rau hauv Suav teb, hom teeb no maj mam nrov raws li cov cuab yeej tshiab, thaum nyob rau hauv qee lub teb chaws tsim, hom teeb no tau dav siv thaum ntxov li xyoo 1980s.
Qhov thib ob khawv koob riam phom ntawm scandium yog lub hnub ci photovoltaic hlwb, uas tuaj yeem sau lub teeb tawg rau hauv av thiab tig mus rau hauv hluav taws xob los txhawb tib neeg lub neej. Scandium yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws barrier hlau hauv hlau-insulator-semiconductor silicon photocells thiab hnub ci hlwb.
Nws qhov riam phom khawv koob thib peb hu ua Lub qhov hluav taws xob yog riam phom khawv koob uas tuaj yeem ci ntsa iab ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis lub teeb zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem txais los ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Nws yog lub zog photon txaus. Peb feem ntau rho tawm 45Sc los ntawm cov zaub mov, uas yog tib lub ntuj isotope ntawm scandium. Txhua 45Sc nucleus muaj 21 protons thiab 24 neutrons. Yog tias peb muab scandium rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear thiab cia nws nqus cov hluav taws xob neutron, zoo li peb muab ib tug liab nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub alchemy ntawm Supreme Master rau 4749 hnub, 46Sc nrog ib tug ntxiv neutron nyob rau hauv lub nucleus yuav yug los. 46Sc, ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, tuaj yeem siv los ua Ray qhov chaw lossis tracer atom tuaj yeem siv rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntawv thov xws li yttrium gallium scandium garnet laser, scandium fluoride iav infrared optical fiber, thiab scandium coated cathode ray raj ntawm TV. Nws zoo nkaus li tias scandium yug nrog lub teeb.
Kev lag luam alloy: scandium nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib yam khoom tau dav siv nyob rau hauv doping ntawm txhuas alloys. Ntev npaum li ob peb txhiab tus scandium ntxiv rau cov txhuas, ib theem tshiab ntawm Al3Sc yuav raug tsim, uas yuav hloov kho cov aluminium alloy thiab ua kom pom tseeb kev hloov hauv cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov hlau. Ntxiv 0.2 feem pua ~0.4 feem pua Sc (qhov kev faib ua feem no yeej zoo ib yam li qhov feem ntawm ntsev hauv cov zaub kib hauv tsev, tsuas yog me ntsis xwb) tuaj yeem ua rau qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov hlau los ntawm 150 ~ 200 degree, thiab txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias zog, kev ruaj ntseg, vuam kev ua tau zoo thiab corrosion kuj, thiab tuaj yeem zam qhov tshwm sim embrittlement uas yooj yim tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Lub zog muaj zog thiab siab tawv aluminium alloy, tshiab lub zog siab thiab corrosion resistant weldable aluminium alloy, tshiab kub kub aluminium alloy, siab zog thiab neutron irradiation resistant aluminium alloy, thiab lwm yam., muaj kev txaus nyiam kev loj hlob zeem muag nyob rau hauv aerospace, aviation, ships, nuclear reactors , lub teeb tsheb thiab tsheb ciav hlau ceev.
